Hydrocarbon conversion catalyst composition and processes therefor and therewith

ABSTRACT

A catalyst composition, a process for producing the catalyst composition, and a hydroconversion process for converting a fluid stream comprising at least one saturated hydrocarbon to C 6  to C 8  aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes are disclosed. The catalyst composition comprises a zeolite and a promoter. The process for producing the composition comprises the steps of: (1) combining a zeolite with a complexing ligand and a promoter compound under a condition sufficient to produce a modified zeolite; and (2) heating the modified zeolite to produce a promoted zeolite. The hydroconversion process comprises contacting a fluid stream with the catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a saturated hydrocarbon to a C 6  to C 8  aromatic hydrocarbon.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a composition useful for converting ahydrocarbon to a C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarbon and an olefin, to aprocess for producing the composition, and to a process for using thecomposition for converting a hydrocarbon to a C₆ to C₈ aromatichydrocarbon and an olefin.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is well known to those skilled in the art that aromatic hydrocarbonsand olefins are each a class of very important industrial chemicalswhich find a variety of uses in petrochemical industry. It is also wellknown to those skilled in the art that catalytically crackinggasoline-range hydrocarbons produces lower olefins such as, for example,propylene; and aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, benzene,toluene, and xylenes (hereinafter collectively referred to as BTX) inthe presence of catalysts which contain a zeolite. The product of thiscatalytic cracking process contains a multitude of hydrocarbonsincluding unconverted C₅ + alkanes; lower alkanes such as methane,ethane, and propane; lower alkenes such as ethylene and propylene; C₆-C₈ aromatic hydrocarbons; and C₉ + aromatic compounds which contain 9or more carbons per molecule. Recent efforts to convert gasoline to morevaluable petrochemical products have therefore focused on improving theconversion of gasoline to olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons by catalyticcracking in the presence of zeolite catalysts. For example, agallium-promoted zeolite ZSM-5 has been used in the so-called CyclarProcess to convert a hydrocarbon to BTX.

Olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons can be useful feedstocks for producingvarious organic compounds and polymers. However, a zeolite catalyst isgenerally deactivated in a rather short period, especially in a highsulfur and/or high polyaromatic environment, because of depositions ofcarbonaceous material, generally coke, on the surface of the catalyst.Therefore, development of a catalyst and a process for convertinghydrocarbons to the more valuable olefins and BTX and for reducing cokedeposition would be a significant contribution to the art and to theeconomy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of this invention is to provide a catalyst composition whichcan be used to convert a hydrocarbon to a C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarbonand an olefin. Also an object of this invention is to provide a processfor producing the catalyst composition. Another object of this inventionis to provide a process which can employ the catalyst composition toconvert a hydrocarbon to an olefin and a C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarbon.An advantage of the catalyst composition is that it suppresses thedeposition of coke during a hydrocarbon conversion process. Otherobjects and advantages will becomes more apparent as this invention ismore fully disclosed hereinbelow.

According to a first embodiment of the present invention, a compositionwhich can be used as a catalyst for converting a hydrocarbon or ahydrocarbon mixture to an olefin and a C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarbon isprovided. The composition comprises a zeolite, and at least one metal orelement selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, GroupIIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VIB,of the Periodic Table of the Elements, CRC Handbook of Chemistry andElements, 67th edition, 1986-1987 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.), andcombinations of two or more thereof.

According to a second embodiment of the present invention, a processwhich can be used for producing a catalyst composition is provided. Theprocess comprises the steps: (1) optionally contacting a zeolite withsteam whereby a steamed zeolite is formed; (2) optionally contacting azeolite or the steamed zeolite with an acid in an amount and under acondition effective to produce an acid-leached zeolite; (3) combining azeolite, which can also be the steamed zeolite or the acid-leachedzeolite, with a coke-suppressing amount of a promoter compound under acondition sufficient to produce a modified zeolite; and (4)heat-treating the modified zeolite to produce a promoted zeolite whereinthe promoter is selected from the group consisting of Group IA, GroupIIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB,Group VIB, of the Periodic Table of the Elements, CRC Handbook ofChemistry and Elements, 67th edition, 1986-1987 (CRC Press, Boca Raton,Fla.), and combinations of two or more thereof.

According to a third embodiment of the present invention, a processwhich can be used for converting a hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon mixtureto an olefin and a C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarbon is provided whichcomprises, consists essentially of, or consists of, contacting a fluidwhich comprises a hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon mixture with a catalystcomposition, which can be the same as disclosed above in the firstembodiment of the invention, under a condition effective to convert ahydrocarbon to an olefin and an aromatic hydrocarbon containing 6 to 8carbon atoms per molecule.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The catalyst composition of the first embodiment of the presentinvention can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a zeoliteand a promoter selected from the group consisting of Group IA, GroupIIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB,Group VIB, of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and combinations oftwo or more thereof. The term "promoter" refers to a compound, a metal,or an element that, when incorporated in a zeolite, can suppress cokeformation in a hydrocarbon conversion process. The term "metal orelement" used herein also includes a compound of the metal or element.For the interest of simplicity, any references to "metal" in theapplication, unless otherwise indicated, will include the elementslisted above and a compound of any of the elements.

The weight ratio of each promoter to zeolite can be any ratio as long asthe ratio can suppress the coke formation during a hydrocarbonconversion process. The ratio is also preferably a ratio that can bindthe promoter such a way that the composition can retain at least about75, preferably about 85, more preferably 90, and most preferably 90weight % of the promoter when a used composition is regenerated afterbeing used in a hydrocarbon conversion process. Generally, the ratio canbe in the range of from about 0.001:1 to about 1:1, preferably about0.005:1 to about 1:1, and most preferably 0.01:1 to 0.5:1. Thecomposition can also comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of azeolite, a promoter, and a binder. The weight of the binder generallycan be in the range of from about 1 to about 50, preferably about 5 toabout 40, and most preferably 5 to 35 grams per 100 grams of thecomposition.

Any binders known to one skilled in the art for use with a zeolite aresuitable for use herein. Examples of suitable binders include, but arenot limited to, clays such as for example, kaolinite, halloysite,vermiculite, chlorite, attapulgite, smectite, montmorillonite, illite,saconite, sepiolite, palygorskite, and combinations of any two or morethereof; aluminas such as for example α-alumina and γ-alumina; silicas;alumina-silica; aluminum phosphate; aluminum chlorohydrate; andcombinations of two or more thereof. Because these binders are wellknown to one skilled in the art, description of which is omitted herein.The presently preferred binder, if employed, is alumina or silicabecause it is readily available.

The composition can further be characterized by having the followingphysical characteristics: a surface area as determined by the BET methodusing nitrogen in the range of from about 200 to about 600, preferably300 to 500 m² /g; a pore volume in the range of from about 0.4 to about0.8, preferably about 0.5 to about 0.75, and most preferably 0.6 to 0.75ml/g; an average pore diameter in the range of from about 5 to about300, preferably about 10 to about 250, and most preferably 20 to 200 Å;and a porosity of more than about 50%.

According to the present invention, any metal or element, or a compoundthereof, selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA,Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, GroupVIB, of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and combinations of two ormore thereof can be used as promoter. The presently preferred promoteris zinc or a zinc compound.

Any commercially available zeolite which can catalyze the conversion ofa hydrocarbon to an aromatic compound and an olefin can be employed inthe present invention. Examples of suitable zeolites include, but arenot limited to, those disclosed in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology, third edition, volume 15 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991)and in W. M. Meier and D. H. Olson, "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types,"pages 138-139 (Butterworth-Heineman, Boston, Mass., 3rd ed. 1992).Optionally a zeolite can be steam--and/or acid--treated before using thepresent invention. The presently preferred zeolites are those havingmedium pore sizes and having the physical characteristics disclosedabove. ZSM-5 and similar zeolites that have been identified as having aframework topology identified as MFI are particularly preferred becauseof their shape selectivity.

The composition of the present invention can be prepared by combining azeolite, a promoter, and optionally a binder in the weight ratios orpercent disclosed above by any methods known to one skilled in the artand under any conditions sufficient to effect the production of such acomposition. However, it is preferred that the composition be preparedby the process disclosed in the second embodiment of the invention.

According to the second embodiment of the present invention, a zeolite,preferably a ZSM-5 zeolite, a promoter, and optionally a binder can bewell mixed at about 15 to about 100° C. under atmospheric pressure,generally in a liquid such as water or a hydrocarbon, by any means knownto one skilled in the art such as stirring, blending, kneading, orextrusion, following which the resulting mixture can be dried in air ata temperature in the range of from about 20 to about 800° C., for about0.5 to about 50 hours under any pressures that accommodate thetemperatures, preferably under atmospheric pressure. Thereafter, thedried, zeolite-binder mixture can be further heat-treated at atemperature in the range of from about 200 to 1000° C., preferably about250 to about 750° C., and most preferably 350 to 650° C. for about 1 toabout 30 hours to prepare the present composition. The heat treatmentcan be carried out by air calcination or steam.

Generally a zeolite, before a binder is combined with the zeolite, canalso be calcined under similar conditions to remove any contaminants, ifpresent, to prepare a calcined zeolite.

A zeolite, whether it has been calcined or contains a binder, can alsobe treated with steam. The treatment of a zeolite, which can contain abinder, with steam can be carried out in any suitable container orvessel known to one skilled in the art at about 100° C. to about 1000°C. for about 1 to about 30 hours under any pressure that can accommodatethe temperatures to produce a steamed zeolite.

A zeolite, whether it has been steamed or not, can be treated with anacid before the preparation of the present composition. Generally, anyorganic acids, inorganic acids, or combinations of any two or morethereof can be used in the process of the present invention so long asthe acid can reduce the aluminum content in the zeolite. The acid canalso be a diluted aqueous acid solution. Because acid treatment ofzeolites is well known to one skilled in the art, description of whichis omitted herein for the interest of brevity. Thereafter, theacid-treated zeolite material can be washed with running water for 1 toabout 60 minutes followed by drying, at about 50 to about 1000,preferably about 75 to about 750, and most preferably 100 to 650° C. forabout 0.5 to about 15, preferably about 1 to about 12, and mostpreferably 1 to 10 hours, to produce an acid-leached zeolite. Any dryingmethod known to one skilled in the art such as, for example, air drying,heat drying, spray drying, fluidized bed drying, or combinations of twoor more thereof can be used.

It should be noted that, a zeolite can be acid-leached before it istreated with steam.

The dried, acid-leached zeolite, whether it has been further washed witha mild acid or not, can be either heated with steam or calcined, ifdesired, under a condition known to those skilled in the art. Generallysuch a condition can include a temperature in the range of from about250 to about 1,000, preferably about 350 to about 750, and mostpreferably 450 to 650° C. and a pressure in the range of from about 0.5to about 50, preferably about 0.5 to about 30, and most preferably 0.5to 10 atmospheres (atm) for about 1 to about 30 hours, preferably about2 to about 20 hours, and most preferably 3 to 15 hours.

A zeolite, a calcined zeolite, or a calcined zeolite-binder mixture, canbe treated with a compound containing an exchangeable ammonium ion toprepare an annmonium-exchanged zeolite. Whether a zeolite is calcined orcontains a binder, the process or treatment in the second embodiment isthe same for each. For the interest of brevity, only a zeolite isdescribed hereinbelow. Examples of suitable ammonium-containingcompounds include, but are not limited to, ammonium sulfate, ammoniumchloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium bromide, ammonium fluoride, andcombinations of any two or more thereof. Treatment of the zeolitereplaces the original ions such as, for example, alkali or alkalineearth metal ions of the zeolite, with predominantly ammonium ions.Techniques for such treatment are well known to one skilled in the artsuch as, for example, ion exchange of the original ions. For example, azeolite can be contacted with a solution containing a salt of thedesired replacing ion or ions.

Generally, a zeolite can be suspended in an aqueous solution of anammonium-containing compound. The concentration of the zeolite in theaqueous solution can be in the range of from about 0.01 to about 800,preferably about 0.1 to about 500, more preferably about 1 to about 400,and most preferably 5 to 100 grams per liter. The amount of theammonium-containing compound required depends on the amount of theoriginal ion(s) to be exchanged. Upon the preparation of the solution,the solution can be subject to a temperature in the range of from about30° C. to about 200° C., preferably about 40° C. to about 150° C., andmost preferably 50° C. to 125° C. for about 1 to about 100 hours,preferably about 1 to about 50 hours, and most preferably 2 to 25 hoursdepending on desired degrees of ion exchange. The treatment can becarried out under a pressure in the range of from about 1 to about 10atmospheres (atm), preferably about 1 atm or any pressure that canmaintain the required temperature. Thereafter, the treated zeolite canbe washed with running water for 1 to about 60 minutes followed bydrying and calcining to produce calcined hydrogen-form zeolite. For thepreparation of a calcined zeolite or zeolite-binder the drying andcalcining processes can be carried out substantially the same as thosedisclosed above.

Generally, the ammonium-exchanged zeolite becomes hydrogen exchangedupon calcination or high temperature treatment such that a predominantproportion of its exchangeable cations are hydrogen ions. Theabove-described ion exchange of exchangeable ions in a zeolite is wellknown to one skilled in the art, therefore, the description of which isomitted herein for the interest of brevity.

In the second embodiment of the invention, a zeolite or a zeolite-bindermixture, which could have been steamed and/or acid-leached, in a desiredionic form, regardless whether calcined or not, can be combined with apromoter compound, preferably in the presence of a complexing ligand, toproduce a modified zeolite. A modified zeolite can also be produced bycontacting a zeolite with a promoter compound, in a solution orsuspension, under a condition known to those skilled in the art toincorporate a promoter compound into a zeolite. Because the methods forincorporating or impregnating a promoter compound into a zeolite suchas, for example, impregnation by incipient wetness method, are wellknown to those skilled in the art, the description of which is alsoomitted herein for the interest of brevity.

According to the present invention, any compound containing a metal orelement selected from the group consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, GroupIIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VIB,and combinations of two or more thereof, of the Periodic Table of theElements can be used as promoter compound. Illustrated hereinbelow aresome examples of suitable promoter compound.

Any zinc-containing compounds which can, when incorporated into azeolite, reduce coke formation in a hydrocarbon conversion reaction canbe used in the present invention. Examples of suitable zinc-containingcompounds include, but are not limited to, zinc nitrate, zinc titanate,zinc silicate, zinc borate, zinc fluorosilicate, zinc fluorotitanate,zinc molybdate, zinc chromate, zinc tungstate, zinc zirconate, zincchromite, zinc aluminate, zinc phosphate, zinc acetate dihydrate,diethylzinc, zinc 2-ethylhexanoate, and combinations of two or morethereof.

Also any titanium-containing compounds that, when incorporated into azeolite, reduce coke formation in a hydrocarbon conversion reaction canbe employed in the invention. Examples of suitable titanium-compoundsinclude, but are not limited to, titanium zinc titanate, lanthanumtitanate, titanium tetramides, titanium tetramercaptides, titaniumchloride, titanium oxalate, zinc titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate,tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl) titanate, titaniumtetramethoxide, titanium dimethoxydiethoxide, titanium tetraethoxide,titanium tetra-n-butoxide, titanium tetrahexyloxide, titaniumtetradecyloxide, titanium tetraeicosyloxide, titaniumtetracyclohexyloxide, titanium tetrabenzyloxide, titaniumtetra-p-tolyloxide, titanium tetraphenoxide, and combinations of two ormore thereof.

Similarly, examples of suitable magnesium-containing compounds include,but are not limited to, magnesium silicate, magnesium nitrate, magnesiumacetate, magnesium acetylacetoante, magnesium chloride, magnesiummolybdate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfide,magnesium titanate, magnesium tungstate, magnesium formate, magnesiumbromide, magnesium bromide diethyl etherate, magnesium fluoride, dibutylmagnesium, magnesium methoxide, Mg(OC₂ H₅)₂, Mg(OSO₂ CF₃)₂, dipropylmagnesium, and combinations of two or more thereof.

Generally any silicon-containing compounds which are effective tosuppress coke formation on a zeolite in a hydrocarbon conversion processcan be used in the present invention. Examples of suitablesilicon-containing compounds can have a formula of (R)(R)(R)Si.parenopen-st.O_(m) Si(R)(R).paren close-st._(n) R wherein each R can be thesame or different and is independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl radicals, alkenyl radicals, aryl radicals,alkaryl radicals, aralkyl radicals, and combinations of any two or morethereof; m is 0 or 1; and n is 1 to about 10 wherein each radical cancontain 1 to about 15, preferably 1 to about 10 carbon atoms perradical. Specific examples of such compounds include, but are notlimited to, silicon-containing polymers such aspoly(phenylmethylsiloxane), poly(phenylethylsiloxane),poly(phenylpropylsiloxane), hexamethyldisiloxane,decamethyltetrasiloxane, diphenyltetramethyldisiloxane, and combinationsof any two or more thereof. Other silicon-containing compounds includeorganosilicates such as, for example, tetraethyl orthosilicate. A numberof well known silylating agents such as trimethylchlorosilane,chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane, N-trimethylsilylimidazole,N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetimide,N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide,t-butyldimethylsilylimidazole, N-trimethylsilylacetamide,methyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane,propyltrimethoxysilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trimethoxysilane,[3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane,cyanoethyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane,phenyltrimethoxysilane, (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane,(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane,vinyltris(β-methoxyethoxy)silane,(γ-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, vinylbenzyl cationic silane,(4-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane,[γ-(β-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane,(γ-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane,[β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane,(β-mercaptoethyl)trimethoxysilane, (γ-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane, andcombinations of any two or more thereof can also be employed. Thepresently preferred silicon-containing compounds are tetraethylorthosilicate and poly(phenylmethyl) siloxane.

Similarly, any phosphorus-containing compounds that, when impregnatedonto or incorporated into a zeolite can be converted into a phosphorusoxide, are capable of reducing coke deposition on a zeolite, as comparedto the use of the zeolite, can be used in the present invention.Examples of suitable phosphorus-containing compounds include, but arenot limited to, phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphoricacid, phosphites P(OR)₃ such as triethyl phosphite P(OR)₃, phosphatesP(O)(OR)₃ such as triethyl phosphate and tripropyl phosphate, P(O)(R)₃,phosphines P(R)₃, and combinations of any two or more thereof wherein Ris the same as that disclosed above.

Examples of suitable boron-containing compounds include, but are notlimited to boric acid, borane-ammonium complex, boron trichloride, boronphosphate, boron nitride, triethyl borane, trimethyl borane, tripropylborane, trimethyl borate, triethyl borate, tripropyl borate, trimethylboroxine, triethyl boroxine, tripropyl boroxine, and combinations of anytwo or more thereof.

Similarly, examples of suitable tin-containing compounds include, butare not limited to, stannous acetate, stannic acetate, stannous bromide,stannic bromide, stannous chloride, stannic chloride, stannous oxalate,stannous sulfate, stannic sulfate, stannous sulfide, and combinations ofany two or more thereof.

Similarly, examples of suitable zirconium-containing compounds include,but are not limited to, zirconium acetate, zirconium formate, zirconiumchloride, zirconium bromide, zirconium butoxide, zirconiumtert-butoxide, zirconium chloride, zirconium citrate, zirconiumethoxide, zirconium methoxide, zirconium propoxide, and combinations ofany two or more thereof.

Suitable molybdenum-containing compounds include, but are not limitedto, molybdenum chloride, molybdenum acetate, molybdenum fluoride,molybdenum oxychloride, molybdenum sulfide, ammonium heptamolybdate andcombinations of two or more thereof.

Examples of suitable germanium-containing compounds include, but are notlimited to, germanium chloride, germanium bromide, germanium ethoxide,germanium fluoride, germanium iodide, germanium methoxide, andcombinations of any two or more thereof.

Examples of suitable indium-containing compounds include, but are notlimited to indium acetate, indium bromide, indium chloride, indiumfluoride, indium iodide, indium nitrate, indium phosphide, indiumselenide, indium sulfate, and combinations of any two or more thereof.

Examples of suitable lanthanum-containing compounds include, but are notlimited to, lanthanum acetate, lanthanum carbonate, lanthanum octanoate,lanthanum fluoride, lanthanum chloride, lanthanum bromide, lanthanumiodide, lanthanum nitrate, lanthanum perchlorate, lanthanum sulfate,tanthanum titanate, and combinations of any two or more thereof.

Examples of suitable chromium-containing compounds include, but are notlimited to, chromium acetate, chromium acetylacetonate, chromiumchloride, chromium fluoride, chromium hexacarbonyl, chromium nitrate,chromium nitride, chromium 2,4-pentanedionate, chromium perchlorate,chromium potassium sulfate, chromium sulfate, chromium telluride, andcombinations of two or more thereof.

Other suitable promoter compounds include, but are not limited to,sodium acetate, sodium acetylacetonate, sodium bromide, sodium iodide,sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, potassium acetate,potassium acetylacetonate, potassium bromide, potassium chloride,potassium nitrate, potassium octanoate, potassium phosphate, potassiumsulfate, tungsten bromide, tungsten chloride, tungsten hexacarbonyl,tungsten oxychloride, tungsten sulfide, tungstic acid, and combinationsof any two or more thereof.

The quantity of a promoter compound required is generally a quantitythat can result in a promoter having the property of reducing cokeformation when the composition of the invention is used in a hydrocarbonconversion process. Generally, the weight ratio of a promoter compoundis the ratio that can result in the weight ratio of promoter to zeolitedisclosed in the first embodiment of the invention.

The complexing ligand that can be used in the present invention can beany complexing ligand that is capable of chelating a metal compound. Asuitable complexing ligand can be a carboxylic acid or derivativesthereof. A suitable complexing agent can also be an amine or an acidcontaining one or more hydroxy group that can chelate the metal moietyof a metal compound. Examples of complexing ligands include, but are notlimited to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a metal or ammonium salt ofethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, hydroxyethyl glycine, lactic acid,ammonium lactate, sodium lactate, potassium lactate, citric acid,ammonium, potassium or sodium citrate, isocitric acid, ammonium,potassium or sodium isocitrate, malic acid, ammonium, potassium orsodium malate, tartaric acid, ammonium, potassium or sodium tartrate,triethanolamine, malonic acid, ammonium, potassium or sodium malonate,and combinations of two or more thereof. The presently preferredcomplexing ligand is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or a salt thereofbecause of its ready availability and low cost.

When a complexing ligand is employed, the molar ratio of the complexingligand to the promoter compound can be any ratio so long as the ratiocan reduce the loss of the promoter of the invention compositiondisclosed in the first embodiment of the invention when a usedcomposition, of the invention, is regenerated after being used in ahydrocarbon conversion process. The ratio can generally be in the rangeof from about 0.01:1 to about 100:1 and preferably about 0.1:1 to about10:1.

A complexing ligand can be combined with a promoter compound and azeolite under any suitable manner known to one skilled in the art. Thecombination can be carried out in a liquid such as water, or a basicsolution such as ammonium hydroxide, or an acidic solution. Thepresently preferred liquid is a basic solution. One such combination isimpregnation as disclosed above and can be carried out under anysuitable conditions known to one skilled in the art.

The combinations of a zeolite, a promoter compound, and a complexingligand can be carried out under any suitable conditions known to oneskilled in the art such as a temperature in the range of about 15 toabout 100° C., under a pressure of about 0.5 to about 10 atm(atmospheres) for about 0.01 to about 20 hours.

When a modified zeolite is produced, the modified zeolite can be subjectto a heat treatment to convert the promoter compound into the promoterdisclosed in the first embodiment of the invention. Heat treatment canbe air calcination or steaming under the conditions disclosed above.

The composition of the invention then can be, if desired, pretreatedwith a reducing agent before being used in a hydrocarbon conversionprocess for converting a hydrocarbon to an aromatic hydrocarbon. Thepresently preferred reducing agent is a hydrogen-containing fluid whichcomprises molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the range of from 1 to about 100,preferably about 5 to about 100, and most preferably 10 to 100 volume %.The reduction can be carried out at a temperature, in the range of fromabout 250° C. to about 800° C. for about 0.1 to about 10 hourspreferably about 300° C. to about 700° C. for about 0.5 to about 7hours, and most preferably 350° C. to 650° C. for 1 to 5 hours. Thetreatment with a reducing agent can also be carried out in-situ in areactor which is used for a hydrocarbon conversion process.

According to the third embodiment of the present invention, a processuseful for converting a saturated hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon mixturecontaining a saturated hydrocarbon to a C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarboncomprises, consists essentially of, or consists of contacting a fluidstream comprising a saturated hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixturecontaining a saturated hydrocarbon which can comprise paraffins,olefins, naphthenes, and aromatic compounds with a catalyst compositionunder a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a saturatedhydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon mixture containing a saturated hydrocarbonto C₆ to C₈ aromatic hydrocarbons or to suppress the coke deposition orformation on the catalyst composition. The fluid stream also comprises adiluent selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen,helium, carbon monoxide, steam, hydrogen, and combinations of two ormore thereof. The presently preferred diluents are nitrogen and carbondioxide for they are readily available and effective. The catalystcomposition can be the same as that disclosed in the first embodiment ofthe invention and can be produced by the second embodiment of theinvention. The weight ratio of the diluent to the hydrocarbon is in therange of from about 0.01:1 to about 10:1, preferably about 0.05:1 toabout 5:1, and most preferably 0.1:1 to about 2:1.

The term "fluid" is used herein to denote gas, liquid, vapor, orcombinations thereof. The term "hydrocarbon" is generally referred to,unless otherwise indicated, as one or more hydrocarbons having fromabout 2 carbon atoms to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably about 2 toabout 15 carbon atoms, and most preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms permolecule. Examples of a hydrocarbon include, but are not limited toethane, propane, isopropane, butane, isobutane, pentane, isopentane,hexane, isohexane, cyclohexane, heptane, isoheptane, octane, isooctane,nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane,hexadecane, butenes, isobutene, pentenes, hexenes, benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, xylenes, and combinations of any two or more thereof.

Any fluid which contains a saturated hydrocarbon as disclosed above canbe used as the feed for the process of this invention. Generally, thefluid feed stream can also contain olefins, naphthenes (cycloalkanes),or some aromatic compounds. Examples of suitable, available fluid feedsinclude, but are not limited to, gasolines from catalytic oil crackingprocesses, pyrolysis gasolines from thermal cracking of saturatedhydrocarbons, naphthas, gas oils, reformates, and combinations of anytwo or more thereof. The origin of this fluid feed is not critical.Though particular composition of a feed is not critical, a preferredfluid feed is derived from gasolines which generally contain moreparaffins (alkanes) than combined content of olefins and aromaticcompounds (if present).

The contacting of a fluid feed stream containing a hydrocarbon with thecatalyst composition can be carried out in any technically suitablemanner, in a batch or semicontinuous or continuous process, under acondition effective to convert a saturated hydrocarbon to a C₆ to C₈aromatic hydrocarbon. Generally, a fluid stream as disclosed above,preferably being in the vaporized state, is introduced into anaromatization reactor having a fixed catalyst bed, or a moving catalystbed, or a fluidized catalyst bed, or combinations of any two or morethereof by any means known to one skilled in the art such as, forexample, pressure, meter pump, and other similar means. Because anaromatization reactor and aromatization are well known to one skilled inthe art, the description of which is omitted herein for the interest ofbrevity. The condition can include a weight hourly space velocity of thefluid stream in the range of about 0.01 to about 100, preferably about0.05 to about 50, and most preferably 0.1 to 30 g feed/g catalyst/hour.Generally, the pressure can be in the range of from about 0 to about1000 psig, preferably about 0 to about 200 psig, and most preferably 0to 50 psig, and the temperature is about 250 to about 1000° C.,preferably about 350 to about 750° C., and most preferably 450 to 650°C.

The process effluent generally contains a light gas fraction comprisinghydrogen and methane; a C₂ -C₃ fraction containing ethylene, propylene,ethane, and propane; an intermediate fraction including non-aromaticcompounds higher than 3 carbon atoms; and a BTX aromatic hydrocarbonsfraction (benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene and para-xylene).Generally, the effluent can be separated into these principal fractionsby any known methods such as, for example, fractionation distillation.Because the separation methods are well known to one skilled in the art,the description of which is omitted herein. The intermediate fractioncan be recycled to an aromatization reactor described above, methane,ethane, and propane can be used as fuel gas or as a feed for otherreactions such as, for example, in a thermal cracking process to produceethylene and propylene. The olefins can be recovered and furtherseparated into individual olefins by any method known to one skilled inthe art. The individual olefins can then be recovered and marketed. TheBTX fraction can be further separated into individual C₆ to C₈ aromatichydrocarbon fractions. Alternatively, the BTX fraction can undergo oneor more reactions either before or after separation to individual C₆ toC₈ hydrocarbons so as to increase the content of the most desired BTXaromatic hydrocarbon. Suitable examples of such subsequent C₆ to C₈aromatic hydrocarbon conversions are disproportionation of toluene (toform benzene and xylenes), transalkylation of benzene and xylenes (toform toluene), and isomerization of meta-xylene and/or ortho-xylene topara-xylene.

After the catalyst composition has been deactivated by, for example,coke deposition or feed poisons, to an extent that the feed conversionand/or the selectivity to the desired ratios of olefins to BTX havebecome unsatisfactory, the catalyst composition can be regenerated orreactivated by any means known to one skilled in the art such as, forexample, calcining in air to burn off deposited coke and othercarbonaceous materials, such as oligomers or polymers, preferably at atemperature of about 300 to about 1000 ° C. The optimal time periods ofthe calcining depend generally on the types and amounts of deactivatingdeposits on the catalyst composition and on the calcinationtemperatures. These optimal time periods for the regeneration can easilybe determined by those possessing ordinary skills in the art and areomitted herein for the interest of brevity.

The following examples are presented to further illustrate thisinvention and are not to be construed as unduly limiting the scope ofthe present invention.

EXAMPLE I

This example illustrates the preparation of two zinc-promoted ZSM-5catalyst materials.

Catalyst A (comparison) was prepared as follows: A quantity of 50 gramsof a commercial ZSM-5 (MFI) zeolite (provided by UOP, Des Plains, Ill.,under the product designation "MFI-38") was mixed with 50 grams of anaqueous colloidal solution of silica (containing about 40 weight %silica; a product of E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, marketed byAldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wis., under the product designation"Ludox® AS-40"). The obtained mixture was extruded to make 1/16 inchextrudates. The extrudates were calcined in air at 538° C. for 6 hours.

A quantity of 3.0 grams of the calcined silica-bound ZSM-5 extrudateswas impregnated with 1.74 grams of an aqueous solution containing 20weight % Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂ O. The zinc-impregnated zeolite material was driedand calcined in air at 538° C. for 6 hours. Catalyst A contained 1.94weight % Zn, 36.4 weight % Si and 1.32 weight % Al (as measured by X-raydiffraction analysis).

Catalyst B (invention) was prepared as follows: A quantity of 3.0 gramsof calcined silica-bound ZSM-5 extrudates (described above) wasimpregnated with a solution containing 20 weight % Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂ O and12.5 weight % EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). This impregnatingsolution had been prepared by mixing 6.00 grams of Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂ O, 6.00grams of water, 3.75 grams of EDTA, and 14.25 grams of an aqueous 28weight % NH₄ OH solution. The molar ratio of Zn to EDTA in the obtainedclear mixture was about 2:1; the pH was 8.8. The zinc/EDTA-impregnatedzeolite material was dried and calcined in air at 638° C. for 6 hours.Catalyst B contained 1.81 weight % Zn, 36.80 weight % Si and 1.33 weight% Al (as per X-ray diffraction analysis).

EXAMPLE II

This example illustrates the use of the catalysts of Example I in thearomatization of propane.

A stainless steel reactor tube (inner diameter: 1 cm; length: 60 cm) wasfilled with 3.0 grams of either Catalyst A or Catalyst B. The catalystwas pretreated with a stream of hydrogen gas (flow rate: 6 liters perhour) at a temperature which was raised from room temperature to about550° C. at a rate of 10° C. per minute. When the reaction temperature(about 550° C.) had been reached, propane gas (density: 1.832 g/l) andhydrogen gas were introduced into the reactor. The flow rate of propanewas 6.1 to 6.8 liters per hour (equivalent to a weight hourly spacevelocity of propane of about 4 grams propane per gram catalyst perhour). The flow rate of H₂ was about 6.0 liters per hour. The reactionpressure was about 0 psig.

The reactor effluent was cooled and separated into a gaseous phase and aliquid phase by passing it through a wet ice trap for liquid productcollection and then through a wet test meter for gas volume measurement.The liquid was weighed hourly and analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard 5890 gaschromatograph equipped with a fused silica column (DB-1). The gas wassampled hourly and analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatographusing a HP-PLOT/Al₂ O₃ column. The gas was also analyzed for hydrogencontent on a Carle gas chromatograph using a hydrocarbon trap followedby a 13X molecular sieve column. Pertinent test results after run timesof about 5 hours are summarized in Table I.

                                      TABLE I                                     __________________________________________________________________________           Weight % of Components in Product                                      Catalyst                                                                             Methane/Ethane                                                                        Ethylene                                                                           Propane                                                                           Propylene                                                                          Butanes                                                                           Benzene                                                                            Toluene                                                                           C.sub.8 Aromatics                                                                   Coke.sup.a                    __________________________________________________________________________                                                    (%/hr.)                       A (Control)                                                                          50.5    0.9  4.9 0.8  0.1 15.5 18.8                                                                              8.5   0.18                          B (Invention)                                                                        41.0    0.4  4.3 0.6  0.1 17.0 19.3                                                                              7.3   0.10                          __________________________________________________________________________     .sup.a Determined by weighing the used (spent) catalyst at the end of a       test run, subtracting the weight of the fresh catalyst in the reactor fro     the weight of the spent catalyst in the reactor; and dividing the weight      difference (equivalent to the amount of coke on the catalyst) by the          duration of the test (in hours) and multiplying by 100.                  

Test results in Table I indicate that both catalysts achieved comparablepropane conversion (95-96%) and comparable yields of BTX(benzene+toluene+xylenes; about 43 weight %). However, inventionCatalyst B produced less undesirable coke as well as undesirable methaneand ethane than Catalyst A. Catalyst B therefore deactivates lessrapidly than Catalyst A and can be used for longer periods of timebefore regeneration (by calcination in air) is required because of thelower coking rate.

EXAMPLE III

This example illustrates how firmly the zinc promoter was bound withinthe two Zn-promoted ZSM-5 catalysts which were used in the aromatizationof propane (described above).

The zinc content of Catalysts A and B were determined by X-raydiffraction before each aromatization test described in Example II. Theneach used ("spent") catalyst was calcined in air at 538° C. for 1 hour(so as to simulate the regeneration of each catalyst) and the zinccontent in the regenerated catalysts was determined (also by X-raydiffraction).

Thereafter, a major portion of regenerated Catalysts A and B were washedthree times with 100 ml of an aqueous 1.0 molar solution of (NH₄)₂ CO₃.This washing procedure was carried out at 60° C. for about 0.5 hour. Thethus-washed catalysts were dried and calcined in air at 538° C. for 6hours. The zinc content in the calcined, washed catalysts was thendetermined (also by X-ray diffraction). Test results are summarized inTable II.

                  TABLE II                                                        ______________________________________                                                Weight % Zn in                                                                  Fresh     Regenerated                                                                             (NH.sub.4).sub.2 CO.sub.3-                      Catalyst  Catalyst  Catalyst  Washed Catalyst                                 ______________________________________                                        A         1.9       1.4       0.7                                             (Control)                                                                     B         1.8       1.7       1.6                                             (Invention)                                                                   ______________________________________                                    

Test data in Table II indicate that zinc was more tightly bound (thusless volatile) in Catalyst B (prepared by using zinc nitrate and EDTA)than in Catalyst A (prepared by using only zinc nitrate without EDTA),and that zinc losses during regeneration (by calcination) were less inCatalyst B than in Catalyst A. These results indicate that the catalystof this invention can be employed for longer periods of time before itpermanently deactivates due to zinc losses.

The results shown in the above examples clearly demonstrate that thepresent invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and attainthe ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein.While modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, suchmodifications are encompassed within the spirit of the present inventionas defined by the disclosure and the claims.

That which is claimed is:
 1. A process comprising: (1) combining azeolite, a promoter compound, and a complexing ligand to produce amodified zeolite; and thereafter (2) calcining or steam-treating saidmodified zeolite to produce a promoted zeolite wherein said zeolite isZSM-5; said promoter compound comprises an element selected from thegroup consisting of Group IA, Group IIA, Group IIIA, Group IVA, GroupVA, Group IIB, Group IIIB, Group IVB, Group VIB, of the Periodic Tableof the Elements, and combinations of two or more thereof; saidcomplexing ligand is capable of chelating a metal compound and isselected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid, a derivative ofa carboxylic acid, an amine containing one or more hydroxy groups, andcombinations of two or more thereof; and said process is carried outunder a condition sufficient to incorporate said promoter compound intosaid zeolite.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratioof said promoter compound to said zeolite is such that the weight ratioof promoter to zeolite in said promoted zeolite is in the range of fromabout 0.001:1 to about 1:1.
 3. A process according to claim 1 whereinthe weight ratio of said promoter compound to said zeolite is such thatthe weight ratio of promoter to zeolite in said promoted zeolite is inthe range of from about 0.01:1 to about 0.5:1.
 4. A process according toclaim 1 wherein the molar ratio of said complexing ligand to zeolite isin the range of from about 0.01:1 to about 100:1.
 5. A process accordingto claim 1 wherein the molar ratio of said complexing ligand to zeoliteis in the range of from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1.
 6. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein the metal or element of said promotercompound is selected from the group consisting of zinc, titanium,magnesium, silicon, and combinations of two or more thereof.
 7. Aprocess according to claim 1 wherein said promoter compound is zincnitrate.
 8. A process according to claim 1 wherein said complexingligand is selected from the group consisting ofethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a metal or ammonium salt ofethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, hydroxyethyl glycine, lactic acid,ammonium lactate, sodium lactate, potassium lactate, citric acid,ammonium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium citrate, isocitric acid,ammonium isocitrate, potassium isocitrate, sodium isocitrate, malicacid, ammonium malate, potassium malate, sodium malate, tartaric acid,ammonium tartarate, potassium tartarate, sodium tartarate,triethanolamine, malonic acid, ammonium malonate, potassium malonate,sodium malonate, and combinations of two or more thereof.
 9. A processaccording to claim 1 wherein said complexing ligand isethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
 10. A process according to claim 1whereinthe weight ratio of said promoter compound to said zeolite issuch that the weight ratio of promoter to zeolite in said promotedzeolite is in the range of from about 0.001:1 to about 1:1; the molarratio of said complexing ligand to said zeolite is in the range of fromabout 0.01:1 to about 100:1; said promoter compound is selected from thegroup consisting of zinc compounds, titanium compounds, magnesiumcompounds, silicon compounds, and combinations of two or more thereof;and said complexing ligand is selected from the group consisting ofethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a metal or ammonium salt ofethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, hydroxyethyl glycine, lactic acid,ammonium lactate, sodium lactate, potassium lactate, citric acid,ammonium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium citrate, isocitric acid,ammonium isocitrate, potassium isocitrate, sodium isocitrate, malicacid, ammonium malate, potassium malate, sodium malate, tartaric acid,ammonium tartarate, potassium tartarate, sodium tartarate,triethanolamine, malonic acid, ammonium malonate, potassium malonate,sodium malonate, and combinations of two or more thereof.
 11. A processaccording to claim 10 whereinthe weight ratio of said promoter compoundto said zeolite is such that the weight ratio of promoter to zeolite insaid promoted zeolite is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about0.5:1; the molar ratio of said complexing ligand to said zeolite is inthe range of from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1; said promoter compound iszinc nitrate; and said complexing agent is ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid.
 12. A process comprising: (1) combining a zeolite, a complexingligand, and a promoter compound under a condition sufficient to producea modified zeolite; and (2) heating said modified zeolite to produce apromoted zeolite whereinsaid zeolite is ZSM-5; said promoter compound isselected from the group consisting of zinc compounds, titaniumcompounds, magnesium compounds, silicon compounds, and combinations oftwo or more thereof; the weight ratio of said promoter compound tozeolite is such that the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolitein said promoted zeolite is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about1:1; the molar ratio of said complexing ligand to said zeolite is in therange of from about 0.001:1 to about 100:1; and said complexing ligandis selected from the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid, a metal or ammonium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,hydroxyethyl glycine, lactic acid, ammonium lactate, sodium lactate,potassium lactate, citric acid, ammonium citrate, potassium citrate,sodium citrate, isocitric acid, ammonium isocitrate, potassiumisocitrate, sodium isocitrate, malic acid, ammonium malate, potassiummalate, sodium malate, tartaric acid, ammonium tartarate, potassiumtartarate, sodium tartarate, triethanolamine, malonic acid, ammoniummalonate, potassium malonate, sodium malonate, and combinations of twoor more thereof.
 13. A process according to claim 12 wherein the weightratio of said promoter compound to said zeolite is such that the weightratio of promoter to zeolite in said promoted zeolite is in the range offrom about 0.01:1 to about 0.5:1.
 14. A process according to claim 12wherein the molar ratio of said complexing ligand to said zeolite is inthe range of from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1.
 15. A process according toclaim 12 wherein said promoter compound is zinc nitrate.
 16. A processaccording to claim 12 whereinthe weight ratio of said promoter compoundto zeolite is such that the weight ratio of said promoter to saidzeolite in said promoted zeolite is in the range of from about 0.01:1 toabout 0.5:1; the weight ratio of said complexing to zeolite is in therange of from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1; said promoter compound is zincnitrate; and said complexing ligand is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.17. A process comprising the steps of: (1) combining a ZSM-5 zeolite,zinc nitrate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid capable of chelating ametal compound under a condition sufficient to produce a zincnitrate-incorporated zeolite; and (2) calcining or steam-treating saidzinc nitrate-incorporated zeolite to produce a zinc-promoted zeolite.18. A process according to claim 17 wherein the heating step (2) iscarried out by calcination.
 19. A process according to claim 17 whereinthe heating step (2) is carried out by steaming.